Melkey Chisim

English ku·siko spellingara maiba dake aro uko gam·atara maiba dake ong·skaaniko bang·en nika: seaming gam·ataming meligija bang·a. Maini gimin? Uaranga vowelrangko gam·atanio chasongni chasongna dingtangbaanio aro spellingkode apsankon jakkalkuani gimin ong·aha.

English ku·siko vowelko gam·atanirang namen dingtangbaania 14th century aro 18th centuryni gisepo ong·aha. Ua chasongrango English vowelrangko gam·atanio dingtangpretanikon The Great Vowel Shift ina. Uni bidingo u·ie ra·na skang an·ching Old English aro Middle Englishko niatchengna.

Chengo mengoni English manchako Old English minga; 1066AD mangoni 15th centuryni bon·achipakna agangipako Middle English ina; Middle Englishni ja·man Early Modern Englishona ong·angskaaha. Da·oni Englishkode Modern English ina. William Shakespeareni chasongode Early Modern English ong·kuengachim.

Old English aro Middle English maidakgipa mancha ong·achim, adita ritingrangko niatna. Ka·mao segipa ritingranga Beuwulf ingipa Old English poedooni ong·a. Uko 1000AD mango seaha.

Ne bið swylc cwenlic þeaw idese to efnanne, þeah ðe hio ænlicu sy, þætte freoðuwebbe feores onsæce æfter ligetorneleofne mannan!

Modern Englisho seskaode:—

No queenly way for woman to practice, though peerless she, that the weaver-of-peace from warrior dear by wrath and lying his life should reave!

1387 aro 1400 bilsirangni gisepo Geoffrey Chaucer-ni Middle Englishchi segipa golponi ritingrangko niatskana. Uan The Canterbury Tales: mitamko poedoni bimango aro mitamko ku·akma dake sea.

Daun John was rysen in the morwe also,
And in the gardyn walketh to and fro,
And hath his thynges seyd ful curteisly.
This goode wyf came walkynge pryvely
Into the gardyn, there he walketh softe,
And hym saleweth, as she hath doon ofte.

Apsan ritingrangkon Modern Englishchi seskaode in·dake ong·gen:—

Dan John had risen with the dawn, also,
And in the garden wandered to and fro,
Having said all his prayers full reverently.
Then came this goodwife, walking secretly
Into the garden, walking soft.
And saluted him, as she’d done oft.

English ku·siko The Great Vowel Shift (GVS) ingipara Middle Englishoni Early Modern Englishona ong·bamitingo vowelrangni gam·ani namen dingtangbaaniko miksonga. GVSna skang, Middle Englishni sal somoirango maidake gam·atachim, mingsa minggni mesokatna:—

Moon-ko mo:n ine o-ko ro·ate gam·atachim
Mood-ko da·o mode-ko gam·ata gitachim
Boot-ko da·o boat-ko gam·ata gitachim
Mouse-ko moos (mu:s) ine gam·atachim
House-ko hoos (hu:s) ine gam·atachim
Wife-ko weef ine gam·atachim

The Great Vowel Shift-ni a·sel badia vowel soundrang maidake ong·angskaa ka·mao diagram sale mesokatenga. (Beben, uko ninade phoneticsni gimin kraa gita u·ina nanggen; u·ina sikode net-niko sandie poraina man·gen).

Step 1: i aro u gam·anio tang·one ǝI and ǝU ong·aha
Step 2. e aro o gam·anio tang·doe i aro u ong·aha
Step 3. a-ko gam·atani æ ong·angaha
Step 4. ɛ-oni e-ona, ɔ-oni o-ona ong·angaha
Step 5. æ-ko gam·ata ɛ-ona tang·doaha
Step 6. e-ko gam·ata i-ona tang·doaha
Step 7. Step 5ni ɛ changsatai e-ona tang·doaha
Step 8. ǝI aro ǝU nom·skae aI aro aU pil·aha

Vowelrangko gam·atanio indake dingtangani ong·ahaode maini giminsa spellingrangko dingtangate setok jaha ine sing·anide nakatgen. Uade indake ong·a: bang·a ki·taprangan ua salrango nakatmanaha; vowelko dingtange gam·atoba spellingrangkode serongbewalkon ra·chaka gita ong·ahachim. 1476 bilsio William Caxton printing press-ko a·bachengaton King’s English ingipa aganbewal ku·sikko sea-jotanina jakkalaha, indiba ua gipin ki·tap segiparangni jakkalenggipa apsan spellingrangko ra·en bang·a ki·taprangko chapa ka·e gipataha. Badia jolni ku·sikko sea-jotanio ra·gate Standard English dakgen, aro mai spellingrangko jakkalgen, uko ong·atanira Caxton-ni ki·taprangko print ka·ao bilaken pangchakaha.

United Kingdom-oba jolrangni kri agangipa ku·bipekrang gnang. GVS ong·ani a·sel mitam vowelrangko gam·atani dingtangahaoba badiaba jolrangni aganbewalode da·alona kingkingba mitam kattarangko Middle Englishni chasongo gita gam·atgiparang dongkuenga.

Garo ku·sikoba vowel shift ong·a gnangma?

Vowel shift ong·ania English ku·sikosan ong·ja, a·gilsakni bang·a ku·sikrangon, Chinese ku·sikoba, indake ong·ani gnang. Ian ru·uta bilsi aro chasongrangni gisepo dingtangbaani ong·a. Indide A·chikkuoba vowel shift ong·baani gnangma?

A·chikkuoba vowel shift ong·baani gnang ine chanchichipna man·a — ong·jaode maidake merong-mirong, gume-gumi, me·chik-mi·chik, ru·at-ri·at ine dingtanggrikanirang donggen?

Chingni chonmitingon gue inako bang·en knakuengachim. A·we jolode mija/mijal ingija meja/mejal inesa gimikan agantokachim. Indiba da·ororode bang·batakon gue inani pal gui inakosa knabata; A·we jolomangba meja/mejal inani pal mija/mijal ingiparang bang·baroroengaha. Beben, Standard Garoko ja·rike agangiparangde A·weoba, Chisakoba, Am·beng joloba Merong, Meja, Mejal inen agantokkuenga.

Englishni step 2-o gitan, A·chikkuoba e-oni i-ona aro o-oni u-ona shift ong·ani dongakon, indakesa da·o merong-mirong, do·gep-du·gep ine jolni kri dingtanggrikanirang dongaha. Middle Englishni chasongode sweet-ko sweete ine see uko swēt ine gam·atachim ina: da·ode uko swit inesa gam·atskaaha. Apsan dakgipa dingtanganian A·chikkuko aganrikrikbaanioba dongahakon ine chanchichipna man·a.

Da·o an·chingni chasongon vowel shift ong·anirangko mitamkode nikchrakenga: dakbebea inani pal dakbibia, nikbebea inani pal nikbibia inangtokengjok; unikoa→nikoa→nikua. Badiabarangko jolni kri inoba uan a·kangdraanisan ong·aigen, maina bebe inani pal bibi aro jal·ik meseki inani pal jal·ik miski inahaon uade vowel shift ine jajagijan u·ina man·a.

Chinese ku·sikoba miko (rice) mi () inean minga (migimin ba song·gimin miko fàn, aro mi bipangko dào minga). Indiba badiaba jolrangode mai mingskaa. Chineserangni menilming do·o be·en song·ako noh mái gāi ine mingsingakode darangan nikenggnok. A·chikrangba mitam tokrangde miko “mai” inean mingkuenga, jekai Atong, Chibok aro Ruga ku·sikrang.

Merong/mirong inako ra·e social mediarango jera ra·ako pangnan nikenga. Haida, “mi” inaba “me” inaoni shift ong·ahama ine chanchichipna man·a. “Bilsi sotbrimangna skangde mi-ko “me” ingipa saksa sakgni buchuma budeparang dongkuengachim” ine budepa saksani aganako iako senokgipa gisik ra·kuenga. Uan ong·na krabebea, maina Bodo ku·bichongoni pekwatgipa gipin ku·bipekrangko nigrikatode mai-me-mi ine shift ong·nan krae nikata. A·chikkuming apsananggipa mitam ku·sikrango da·oba miko “mai” mingkuenga. Indide, indake shift ong·baahama?

Mai — me — mi

A·we aro Chisak jolrango mi-ni compound wordna me inako ra·chapkuengoba Am·beng aro Matabeng jolrangode gimiknan ong·nasipile mi ine aganskaaha. Indiba Am·beng aro Matabeng jolrangoba mi-ni adita compound wordrangna me inako jakkalani dongkuenga: bang·a biaprangon merong aro me·dik inako knana man·kuenga. A·chik a·songo e-oni i-ona vowel shift ong·ania badita saliramchipak ong·anga inditan bilakbatanga. Mitam kattarangode shift ong·gijakoba nikna man·a, jekai Am·beng jolo dipanti intokoba uni katta ma·akode bang·bataon de ine agankuenga. 

Sino-Tibetan ku·sikrangko niatode mai, me, mi minggittamkon miko mingna jakkala ine nikgen. Miko Japanese ku·siko maidake minga niatjolna:—

ine = mipang
kome = megil ba migil
hakumai = su·gimin; merong gipok
momi = miskak
gohan = migimin (song·gimin)
mochigome = menil
suiden = mi a·pal

A·we jolni ku·siko miko mingna mai inako ra·chape jakkala gri, indiba me aro mi minggnikon ra·chape minganirang gnang:—

Mi
Merong
Mechil
Mechu
Metal
Meattam
Mesal
Mepal
Me·kam
Me·gol
Me·dik
Me·gap/Megap
Migil
Migimin
Miskang
Miginde
Mima
Mibang
Mitong

Meja/mija, mejal/mejal, merong/mirong ine dingtanggrikanirang gnangoba sea-jotanio ra·chakbewal ba standard spellingde meja, mejal, merong inen ong·kuenga, aro bilding bildang ong·jana gita, ukon ja·rikangkuode nama.

Bu·a (tol·a) inaba bo·a inaoni ong·baama? Ma badiaba jolo bo·a aro badiaba jolo bu·a inama? Skang salrangode bo·a inakoba bang·en knabebea. Ong·naba kraa, maina Hamiltonba indake ring·a:—

Poraiako dontongjok,
Nang·ko ra·na inenba,
Do·si do·dokna gitto
Ma·na angko bo·onga?

Icylian R Marak-ni Chigitchakgreni Nokma golpooba indake sea:—

“Mamasongde bo·na man·ane,” pante saksa agital panteko pakkreo doktope aganaha. “Na·songde u·ikujaenggen, biade an·chingni Nokmani grigipasa. Bimingkode knaenggnok. Ianba Kaling, songde awa nalsaon, Pal·wanggopara. Bisong songode pante rogipade biasanjok.”

DS Nengminza-ni 1944 bilsio nakatatchenggipa Garo to English School Dictionaryoba Bo·a ine seakon nika.

Chimik, Vol 6 No 10 | June, 2023

Chimik|Vol 6 No 10, June, 2023

2 thoughts on “The Great Vowel Shift”

  1. Tengsan A. Sangma

    Poraienba bang·en skie ra·bejok Skigipa.. Mittelan baksa A·chikku sea-jotaniko ra·doangkuchina🙏

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