Garo-Mande-A·chik

Melkey Chisim

Garo inara namja, saniba chonnike minggipasa ine bebe ra·gipa aro gipinrangna agangipa sakantian A·chik ba Garo mande ong·na kraja

An·ching darangan an·tangtangko A·chik ine mingna namnika aro uo rasong cha·a. Uni gisepon, an·chingna chanchiningna nanggipa mingsa gnang. A·chikrangko chasong chansokkujaonin Garo ineba mingbaaha aro ukon da·alo a·gilsako u·ie ra·chakaha. Indiba ia Garo ine mingania gipinrangni mingasa, aro uade namja ine an·ching an·tangtangonin bebe ra·gipa aro gipinrangna agangiparang dongkuenga ine agantoka. Indake ong·bebeode uan namjamancha!

Beben, Garo inara gipin jatni chonnike minganisa ine mitamni chanchichipaniko skang salrango saoba saoba manderangni seanirango mesoka. Indiba uarang ong·jamancha. A·ako chike mikchetaonisa A·chik mingbaaha ineba chanchichipe seanirang gnang. A·ako chike mikchetna skang mai mingachim? Skang salrango A·chikkuchi sea-jotanio, obostani kri, je dakgipa oral tradition ba aganritingbaanirangko segate donaha. Uarang oral traditionko segate donasan ong·a; uarang mingantion historyni gita kakket ong·ani gnang inede a·kangna man·ja. Indake aganritingbaanirang bang·en gnang — mitam nama, mitam namja; mitam ong·a, mitam ong·ja. Chatchi-ma·chongrangni ong·baani giminba rikki-rikkot chanchichipe agananirang gnang. Uarangoni badia ong·a aro badia ong·ja, an·ching chekna changna nangaha.

Garo ine mingania maioni mancha ong·baaha darangba aganna man·ja. “Britishrangsa indake mingahana?” ine saobarang agana. Uan u·isranggijagipani kattasa. Jahangir 1605 bilsioni 1627 bilsiona Mughal raja ong·aha. Ua salrangon Bengal, Cooch Behar, Assam aro Biharni bidingo Mirza Nathan minggipa serike donaha, jekon Baharistan-i-Ghaibi ine minga. Ua ki·tapo Garorangni gimin seani gnang. Una skangba, Ahom Songnokni aro Kamarupa Songnokni serikanirango (buranji ba chronicle) “Garo” ine janapanirang gnang.

Chengoni A·chik pagitchamrang, missionaryrangni sokbachengani salrango kingkingan, an·tangtangko Garo Mande inen agantoka ina. Da·ona kingkingba a·kawe jolrangode Garo inakon mongsong jakkatoka. 20th century ga·dapaha, skia man·a baksa rikki rikkot kattarang nakataha. Ua salrangosa Garo inara saniba chonnike donasa ine banaigipa kattarangba nakataha, aro uni giminan mitam an·tangtangko A·chik mingna namnikbattokaha. Indiba una skangde A·chik inania an·tangtangni gisepo A·we, A·chik, A·ga ine, biap songdongramni kri mingasan ong·achim. Ua salrangonisa “A·chik inode autonym/endonym, Garo inode exonym” ingipa kattarang nakatbaaha. Beben, jatko mingade bang·batan exonym ong·tokaia, indiba uan namao pangchaka ma namgijao inesan sing·pilanide gnang.

Britishrang sokbachengon Garrow ine serongaha. Missionaryrangba a·bachengode indaken seaha. 1867 bilsio Rajasimlao mondoli songna re·angmitingona kingkingan Doctor Miles Bronsonba uni chittirango Garrow ine seatkuengachim. Rajasimlao mondoli songe re·bapilon uni chittirango Garo ine seako nikskaaha, aro ua salrangonin British officerrangba Garo ine setokaha.

Da·alo Garo inako a·gilsak gimikchian u·iaha, India a·songoba ukon ra·chakaha; Garo inara namja ine aganania tol·gipa kattarangsan ong·a. Indake pe·e agananirang bang·en gnang. Rabha-rangko kam ka·atna rimbaa ba ra·baani giminsa Rabha minga ine tol·e aganakoba mitamde kakket inen ra·tokaia. Mahari ma·chongrangni ong·baani bidingoba indake ong·sie golpo bikotanirang gnang. Uarangko bebe ra·anima?  Uni gimin, Garo inara namja, saniba chonnike minggipasa ine da·onaba bebe ra·kuenggipa aro gipinrangna agangipa sakantian A·chik ba Garo mande ong·na kraja. Uandakgipa manderang jattangkon chonnikgipa, Garorangna sorkarini on·gimin namgnirangko ra·chakna kraja, aro Garo Hillsode dongnan krajasrang.

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Ja·kol sanpilani

A·chikrang Tibetoni re·baaha ine aganritingbaaniba gnang. Uan bebe ma ong·ja, aro badia chasongo — da·odipet sakki gri. Indiba Tibeto-Burman ku·sikko agangipa Mongoloid jatrang BC chasongonin Songduni a·kawerango songdongaha ine chengoni serikanirango mesoka. Uan Songduni a·kaweona Indo-Aryanrangni napbana skangan ong·achim. Chengoni Hindurangni sea-jotanirango Indo-Mongoloid manderangko Kirata ine sea. Songduni a·kawerango Kirata-rang songdonga ine BC chasongrangon sea dongaha. Ua chasongrangon Bodo ma·chongni manderang (A·chikrangko man·chape) Songduni a·kawerango songdongaha ine u·ina man·a.

Ramayana Kanda 4, Sarga 40, Shloka 27 aro 28-o Kiratarangni gimin indake sea:

(Kanda = Book; Sarga = Canto/Chapter; Shloka = Verse)

किराताः तीक्ष्ण चूडाः च हेमाभाः प्रिय दर्शनाः ||
आम मीन अशनाः चापि किराता द्वीप वासिनः |
अंतर् जल चरा घोरा नरव्याघ्रा इति स्मृताः ||

Uni miksonganiko pe·atode indake ong·anggen:

Kni petchok kagipa Kiratarang, rimitjrijri nina nitogiparang,
Na·tok gittang (cha·gipa), chichango donggipa Kiratarang,
Chining ripna man·giparang, matchadu ine mingsinggiparang.

Tibetni manderang skangode a·songtangko Bod inesa mingachim. Uni gimin, chengon uoni re·baa ong·ode “Bod-oni re·baa” inesa aganritingbaani ong·genchim. Saliram a·gilsako donggipa manderangsa Tibet ine apsanange mingbaaha. Englishchi Tibet ba Thibet mingania 18th centuryonisa ong·baaha ina. Historical linguistrangni bebe ra·ani gitade,  Tibet ine European ku·sikrango mingania Ṭībat ba Tūbātt ine Semitic ku·sikrango mingaoni ong·baaha, aro jean Turkic ku·siko chugipa biaprangko man·gope Töbäd mingaoni ong·baskaaha. Da·ode Tibetko Chinese ku·sikchi Xizang ine mingakosa Chinese sorkari ra·chakenga.

Jappa Jalimpa, Sukpa Bongepamang Garorangko dilbaaha ine aganritingbaaniba gnang. Uade Ahomrangni re·baani gimin aganritingbaanisa. Ahomrangsa Sukapha-ni dilanio Assamni a·kameona sokbaaha. Uamang adita dol dake, dingtang dingtang ramarangko re·baaha; silchidare ra·bagipa dol dingtang ramako re·baaha. Ahomrangni sokbaaniko mejamangmang inesan aganna man·gen, maina uamang 1228 bilsiosa sokbae Ahom Songnokko rikaha.

Tibeto-Burman ku·sikko agangipa Bodo ma·chongni manderangan Assamni a·kawerango songdongchengaha ine chengoni serikanirang sakki on·a. Archaelogyni gita, Paleolithic ba Ro·ongni Gitcham Chasongni bijangchigipa chasongrangon Garo Hillsni bijangchi jolo mande songdongaha. Ua chasongkon Chibanian ba Middle Pleistocene  ine minga.

Neolithic ba Ro·ongni Gital Chasongni bosturangkoba Garo Hillsni Selbalgre jolonikon man·aha. Uarango pangchake, Garo Hillsni ning·o 4500 ba 4000 BC chasongonin mande dongaha. Ua ro·ongni chasongrango jakkalgipa bosturangko man·gipa biaprango a·ba so·e cha·ani chinrangkoba nikaha

Mande | Garo

Ramayana, Mahabharata aro Hindurangni gitcham seanirango Garo Manderangko Mandeha (मन्देह) ine janapanirang gnang ine adita ki·taprango setoka. Indiba uan skele aganani ong·a; maina maidakgipa context ba obostao uarangko janapaha ukode talata griskaa. Uarango Mandeha inara Garo Manderangko miksonga ong·jawa ine u·ina man·a, maina uan ma·malsa skalrangkosa (demons) miksonga. Uarangoni mitamko niatna:—

Naisadha Charita: Ian 12th centuryo Sriharsha minggipani Sanskritchi segipa ong·a. Canto 19:41-o indake sea:

“Thus traveller on the path of sacrificial rites, if a profound devotion to the sun be thine, worship him quickly, as he emerges. At this moment, the palmfuls of water, thrown up in worship, towards the sun, act like watery thunderbolts on the Mandeha demons.” (These mandeha demons attack the sun when it rises). — Translated by Krishna Kanta Handique)

Ro·begipa Taittiriya Aranyakam poedoo Mandeha ine janapaniba kosako gitan apsana. Uko ka·mao mesokatenga:

Iano rakhasi ba skalrangni bil man·ani giminsa sea, aro je namgijagipa bilrangkon salaramchi mikkange montro minge, Mandehaona a·rike galatani bidingo gitchakchi salsrete mesokgipa ritingrango janapa.

Ramayana Kanda 4, Sarga 40, Shloka 41-o mandeha ine janapako niatna:

तत्र शैल निभा भीमा मन्देहा नाम राक्षसाः |
शैल शृंगेषु लंबन्ते नाना रूपा भयावहाः ||

Ua jolo a·bri dake nikpilgipa ka·namgija Mandeha skalrang,
A·brioni misil misil songonchoke dingdee dongtoka.

Ua chaptero, makkrerangni gitel Sugriva, Sitako am·echina an·tangni sipairangko watatengon dingtang dingtang biaprangni gimin talate on·enga. Una skang, shloka 40-o indake sea:

गृहम् च वैनतेयस्य नाना रत्न विभूषितम् |
तत्र कैलास संकाशम् विहितम् विश्वकर्मणा || ४-४०-४०

Vinatani depanteni rokomari ro·ongrangchi nitoatgipa,
Kailas a·bri gitagipa, Viswakarmani ge·etatgipa…

Miksonganide, ua biapona sokangon Vinatani depateni ringrang ringrang dakpilgipa, rokomari gamchatgipa ro·ongrangchi nitoatgipa dongchakramko nikegen, jean nitoanio Kailas a·bri gita ong·a, aro uan Viswakarmani ge·etanio (instruction) pangchake rikgimin ong·a. Iano Vinatani depante inon Garudako miksonga. Uni ortode, bilakgipa Garudani dongram sambajolon Mandeha minggipa skalrangba (demons) dongtoka.

Yogini Tantra: iako 16th aro 17th centuryrangni gisepgriko Assam ba Cooch Beharo seaha, jeon Manda Saila (Manda ba Mande A·bri) ine janapani gnang (uani bidingode minggipin seanio nikangskagen).

Iano janapgipa Mandeharanga A·chik pagitchamrangni golponi gita sal aro jajongko minokgipa skal nawangmingsa apsana. Sal nabao ia Mandeha skal nawangrangan peng·pangna jotton ka·a ine poraiangkuode nikangkua. Indiba beben, uaranga nike nie seanirangde ong·ja, chel·aoniko knaako chanchichipe seanirangsan ong·aia; grong chagijakoba chaatna man·a, gipokakoba gisimatna ama. Uni gimin, Mande inara Mandeha inaoni ong·baa inako ra·chakna man·jaoba uko srangsrang je·galnade man·skaja.

Garuda

Garo inara Garuda inaoni ong·baa ineba mitam agana. Britishrang sokbachengon, mitam officerrang Garrows ine see uni ja·man bracketo Garudas ine sechaptoka. Indiba maio pangchake uamang indake sea, namedake talja.

Garuda inaoni ong·babebeode aiao inmanpilanisa; maina uan India aro South Asia jolo olakkia man·pilgipasa. Mythologyni gita niatode, Garuda minggipara mande aro do·oni bimang bringipa ong·a: do·orangni apa. Garudani golpo mingsasan ong·ja, dingtang dingtang torom aro jatrangni kri bang·bee donga. Uan Hindu aro Buddhist mythologyo mongsongbegipa ong·a. Mahabaratha-o seani gitade uan teng·ani ta·rakaming (speed of light) apsan songrena man·gipa ong·a: uan bilakani, ta·rakani aro dakgrikna changani chin ong·a. Uni gimin, Garo inara “Garudani dedrang” inaoni ong·baa ong·ode chonnikani pal batesa ga·sunike aro de·doe mingani ong·gen.

Southeast Asia-ni bang·a dakbewalrangon, Japanona kingking, Garuda mongsonggipa ong·a. Japaneserang Garudako Karura mingskaa. Thailand aro Indonesiao Garudakon national symbolna jakkala. Mongoliako Garudako Khangarid mingskaa, aro uan  Bogd Khan Uul a·bidingko nitimgipa ine bebe ra·a. Indian Armyni Brigade of the Guards Garudako chin dake ra·a, aro uamangni toreania Garud Ka Hun Bol Pyare (I am the son of Garuda, Say O my friend) ine ong·a.

A·chikrango bang·a aganritingbaanirang gnang. Uarangoni mitamode kakket ong·ani gri ine an·ching ku·rachaknan nangaigen. Mingsa minggniko janapna:— Te·rik re·surangko chap tarie Songduko chobatbaani giminba aganritingbaani gnang. Uan chong·motgipa obosta ong·gen, indiba Tibetoni re·bamitingni katta ong·jawa; badiaba chasongo badiaba A·chikrangni ga·batbaani golpo ong·gen, maina ua golpoo janapgipa gipin jatrangni raja meja mangmangni gitasan ong·a. Jugiko donnue ba gope donani gimin Jogigopha minga ine aganritingbaani gnang. Uan ong·na amja. I.J. Stoddard missionary ong·e sokbachengon Jogighopa rong·kolrangko niaha. Uan skango Yogi ba Jogi-rangni dongchakgipa rong·kol ine ua see donangaha (Yogi = Jogi; Gopha=rong·kol). Haida, uano Jugi minggipa me·chikko donnue donade dongengnaba gnang, indiba Jogighopa mingania uano pangchaka ong·ja.

Garorangni ma·ambiko ja·kol sanpilnade Assamni ma·ambiko namedake poraio dakchakbeani ong·gen. Assamese, Bengali, aro chengo Sanskritchi serikanirangoniko bang·en sandidapna man·kugen. Assamni historyko maikai poraina nanga, adita ramako ka·mao mesokatenga:

• Prehistory ba historyo segatna skanggipa chasongni gimin u·ina jotton ka·ani.
• Ancient Assam (350-1206). Serikanio man·ani gitade 4th century AD-o Kamarupa Songnok a·bachengaha. Uano dingtang dingtang dynastyrangni sason ka·ani gimin poraiani.
• Medieval Assam (1206-1826). Ia chasongrango Kamata Songnok, Ahom Songnok, Chutiya Songnok, Kachari Songnok badia bakrango aro bilsirango ong·aha u·ie ra·ani. Koch Behar aro Koch Hajo songnokrangni gimin u·ie ra·ani. Dingtang dingtang chasongrango serikanirang (chronicles) gnang, jekai Kamarupa Buranji aro Ahom Buranji. Uarango Garorangni bidingoba aditan seanirang gnang. Uarangoni mitamkode Englishona pe·skae ki·tap tarianirang dongaha.
• Ahomni chasongo Mughalrangni napbaaniko u·ie ra·ani.
• Moamoria rebellion (1769–1805). Ahom Songnokni be·gruangani.
• Burmeserangni napbaani maikai Britishna ramako tariskaaha.
• British Assam (1826-1947). Britishni chasongo dingtang dingtang serikanirangko cho·bile sandiani.
• Partition of Bengal (1905)
• Bengal Presidency (1826-1873)
• Chief Commissioner’s Province (1874-1905)
• Partition of Bengal: Assam under Lt. Governor (1906-1912)
• Assam Legislative Council (1921-1937)
• Dyarchy (1921-1937)
• Assam Legislative Assembly (1937-1947)